Technology and machine control have taken over the construction industry and are the key factors driving earthwork efficiency. Do you want your site to run optimally? Do you want to improve the setup of your operators and in-house engineers for even more success?? If so, you should understand the differences between 2D and 3D machine control. Before we dive into the different types and their contrasted characteristics it is important to know:

What is Machine Control?

Machine control is the technology that guides and automates construction equipment (e.g. dozers, excavators, graders). The benefits of machine control usage in construction are:

Lower Costs
Enhanced Site Safety
Conserve Resources
Quicker Task Completion
Time Savings
Improved Collaboration

It is crucial to highlight that operators are still required to drive the work, but that precision technology ensures optimal results.

2D vs 3D:

2D Machine Control:

An important distinction between 2D and 3D is the price. 2D is a more affordable alternative that provides some technological benefits that avoid the need to make a significant investment. 2D Machine Control (General) a.k.a. the “Basic System” allows the operator to track the exact location of the equipment and a fixed reference point. It is best used for simple grading and excavation, trenching, landscaping, and flat surfaces. 2D machine control utilizes laser, ultrasonic, or slope sensors to operate. It controls only the height and slope, and co-functions with graders, excavators, and dozers. If you run larger, more complex jobs, 2D likely will not be sufficient for your needs.

Within 2D machine control there are three types:

Laser-Guided Machine Control: Only uses rotating laser transmitters/receivers, referencing a fixed laser pane. Controls vertical elevation making it compatible for simple grading and paving.

Ultrasonic Machine Control: Uses soundwaves (ultrasonic sensors) to identify the height and distance of the equipment from a fixed object like a curb. Efficiently used for paving/roadwork, dozers/graders, and curb machines.

Slope Sensors: Uses an inclinometer to evaluate the boom angle. This helps ensure that the slopes of roads and hills remain consistent. Mainly utilized by graders and dozers.

3D Machine Control:

3D Machine Control provides positioning in a 3D space for large complex projects that may also use multiple machines for the same design. It uses GNSS, GPS, and Total stations. To operate, it requires digital terrain models (DTM/ 3D models) as a reference point to complete projects like highways, earthmoving, site preparations, mining, and large earthwork projects with rougher terrain. It is highly accurate due to its ability to showcase data collection and real-time adjustments.

Within 3D machine control there are three types:

GNSS/GPS Machine Control: Positions the equipment in a 3D space while using base stations and satellites as a reference point. Suitable for larger excavation projects along with more complex grading and earthworks. Compatible with dozers, scrapers, graders, and excavators.

Lidar Machine control: Creates terrain models by using laser scanning. Typically used in particular mining and grading projects.

Total Station Machine Control: Supplies highly accurate data by utilizing total stations. This type tends to be used in tunnels, cities, and sites that have limited access to GPS signals. Mainly used in utility projects and paving.

What are the most common brands or manufacturers of machine control systems?

Trimble
Topcon
Leica Geosystems
Caterpillar (CAT grade control)
MOBA

Who uses Machine Control?

Machine control is a tool used by many contractors no matter their size. Limited budgets and today's increase in material costs promote machine control to become a valuable investment for all-size construction companies. Not only is the promise of accurate results through machine control guaranteeing that time and money are saved but allows them to compete in the competitive bid market. You can retrofit machine control onto existing equipment, however, the utility varies on the type of machine, budget, and which system of control is compatible with that piece of equipment. Technology is the future of construction and if you can’t meet the industry standard, it is likely your company will miss out on various project opportunities.

Is the training difficult?

Depending on the experience level, seasoned operators typically adapt to machine control technology faster than beginner operators who may need more time to understand the equipment. 2D is easier to learn (they include laser levels and physical guides), whereas 3D systems are more complex (use GPS/GNS, DTMs, and advanced display) However, with proper training and support both systems are beneficial to learn. Training is crucial and should consist of basic comprehension of 2D vs 3D machine control, the ability to set up/troubleshoot the systems, how to interpret the on-screen data, and learning to operate machines installed with automated guidance. Training is usually included depending on the retailer you purchase precision technology equipment from.

If you are interested in learning more about machine control don’t hesitate to reach out to our team here at ECI with any questions or concerns!